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Light sources come in various types. Each is categorized according to its application, such as v-spectra, color temperature range, and energy consumption. These include the materials to be illuminated, whether under natural or artificial light.
This includes LED, fluorescence, mercury vapour, incandescent, daylight, and other types of lamp light, such as halogen, xenon, metal halide, sodium vapour, and more, including lasers.
Standard light sources of this kind work by passing an electric current through a semiconductor. It produces a focused and thus limited light beam, which requires low voltage, little energy, and thus less heat, which is ecologically and monetarily advantageous.
An incandescent bulb is a type of electric lamp. It is made by passing an electric current through a thin tungsten filament. The filament is housed in a glass bulb filled with inert gas to reduce evaporation.
This bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in the late 19th century. Since the 1970s, it has been replaced or supplemented by more energy-efficient electric bulb designs. These include fluorescent lamps, halogen incandescent bulbs, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
A fluorescent bulb is a gas-discharge lamp. It uses electricity to excite mercury vapour. This mercury vapour produces short-wave ultraviolet light that causes a fluorescent coating on the bulb to emit visible light.
The earlier version of this bulb consists of a straight tube shape. It was invented in 1896, with considerable improvements in efficiency over the then-popular incandescent light bulbs. Today, fluorescent light bulbs are commonly found in homes, offices, commercial buildings, and schools. They are a more energy-efficient light source than the incandescent bulbs.
Natural daylight is pure and white. Its temperature varies slightly throughout a typical summer's day. During the year, it ranges from about 5,500 K at midday to about 2,500 K at sunrise/sunset. It is also at its highest when the sun is at its zenith.
The materials used to construct standard light sources differ. They can be grouped into what the sources/frequency range are made of, the type of gas that light is made or produced through, and the structure, especially for incandescent types.
These include tungsten filaments, glass bulbs, semiconductor materials, argon gas, phosphor powder, quartz glass, and xenon gas.
Tungsten is used mainly for incandescent light bulbs. It is used to make the filament used in incandescent bulbs. The reason for this choice is that tungsten has a very high melting point and thus doesn't burn up like other materials when electric current passes through it.
A standard light bulb comprises a glass bulb. The filament or LED chip is enclosed inside this bulb to protect it from external elements. Glass is also used to achieve a vacuum, inert gas atmosphere, or xenon gas within the bulb.
Phosphor powders are chemicals that are typically used in fluorescent and LED light bulbs. These powders are usually made from rare earth metals like europium and thorium oxide. They convert UV light into visible light that illuminate an area.
Standard LED light sources are produced using semiconductor materials. These materials include silicon carbide and gallium nitride. They are used to make the semiconductor diodes that produce light.
Xenon bulbs are made of xenon gas. It is typically used to fill a xenon light bulb. The bulb is then a sealed glass tube or shaft containing xenon gas). Fluorescent tube bulbs also have a small amount of mercury vapour. It helps explain why they work like they do.
Halogen light bulbs are mainly made of quartz bulbs and tungsten filaments. These incandescent-standard light bulbs are also gas-filled with inert halogen. It helps make the filament last longer than regular incandescent bulbs.
Standard light sources have different scenarios and applications depending on their type, especially in industries that require color accuracy for quality control.
These include photography, graphic design, fashion design, printing, etc. They are also used to check the color of textile dyes, paints, plastics, and other materials in quality assurance in different industries and illuminate general indoor or outdoor spaces.
Standard light sources are needed for photography and videography. These include studio lighting, reflectors, light meters, and soft boxes. They help illuminate models, subjects, and scenes, producing shadows, contrast, and highlights.
In industrial applications, Standard light sources are used for machine vision systems, inspection, and robotic systems. Artificial light sources like LED, xenon, and mercury vapour are typically used.
They help illuminate intricate parts, internal components, and manufacturing materials in situations where natural light sources are insufficient for a clearer view, such as in deep galleries and tunnels.
Standard light sources are used in architectural and landscape lighting. Such sources help enhance the design features of buildings and outdoor spaces. It adds an artistic flair to the structures and surroundings.
They thus become more appealing at night and increase property value. They are also added to create unique and dramatic effects that highlight architectural elements and landscape features in exterior designs.
In situations where color accuracy is key, standard light sources are needed. These include painting, printing, cosmetics, fashion design, and graphic/texture dyeing industries.
In these industries, small deviations in color could mean significant consequences. The reason is that the above industries export such a small margin of variance that would wreak a storm.
Hence, light sources with defined color temperatures and spectra are used to mimic actual viewing conditions. It is done to ensure consistent color reproduction and quality standards.
Standard light sources are also prominent in the healthcare and medical fields. It is particularly in medical phototherapy and endoscopy. Endoscopy, for instance, uses interruption light sources like LED, xenon, and halogen to illuminate the internal organs and internal views for diagnosis and monitoring.
Endoscopy, after all, needs brighter and better light sources to provide clear internal images. Phototherapy uses light sources like fluorescent, incandescent, and UV light. It helps treat skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema and administers medications via light exposure.
Deep tunnelling and mining excellent standard light sources in boring, blasting, and removing overburden in-depth deep galleries and tunnels. LED, mercury vapor, and fluorescent light sources illuminate these extreme glare and tunnel spaces.
Standard light sources have different specifications based on the light source in question.
Color Rendering Index (CRI) refers to how accurately a standard light source like LED and incandescent light renders colors compared to natural light. The higher the CRI, the better the light source at revealing the actual colors of objects.
Luminous flux quantifies the total amount of visible light emitted by a light bulb. This emission is measured in lumens (lm) per watt (lumen/watt). It indicates how efficiently a bulb converts electrical power into light. The higher the lumens per watt, the brighter the bulb.
The light emitted by a standard light source varies within the 380-780 nm light wavelength. This variation affects color appearance and visual comfort across different light sources, be it mercury vapour, fluorescent, LED, incandescent, halogen, etc.
They range from ultraviolet light to infrared light. They thus impact color rendering and perceived brightness. It means that even sources of the same luminous flux differ in appearance and efficacy.
Other specifications include color temperature and luminous intensity. Color temperature, expressed in Kelvin (K), indicates how warm or cool a light source appears. Luminous intensity measures the light output in a particular direction, usually in candela (cd).
Standard light source specifications vary by application and industry. These include the general lighting and agriculture industries and photometric, colorimetric, and radiometric measurements.
The general lighting industry typically uses LED light sources with color temperatures ranging from 2700K to 6500K. Their luminous flux is about 800-2500 lumens. Their efficacy is around 80-150 lumens per watt, while their CRI is 80-95.
Standard light sources for agriculture are mainly HPS and MH lamps. They range from 2000K-22000K) with a flux of 30000 lumens. Efficacy is about 60-110lm/W), while the CRI is 20-80, depending on the specific requirements of the cultivated crops.
Standard light sources used for photometric measurements emit luminous fluxes close to the above general lighting industry figures. These are about 800-2500 lumens. While efficacy approaches 80-150lm/W, color temperatures are normally within 2700-6500K.
Standard light sources for colorimetry mainly include D65 and A daylight profiles. Their color temperatures, for instance, vary from 6500K to 2850K. Luminous intensity, however, ranges between 800-2500lm.
Radiometric measurement standard light sources like incandescent lamps typically have a spectral irradiance ranging between 300-700 nm. Their average color temperature also varies like the above measurements. It ranges between 6500K and 2850K.
One of the common uses of such sources in different industries is to assure color accuracy. Other applications include general illumination, phototherapy in healthcare, and endoscopic procedures.
The commonly used man-made light sources include fluorescent light, incandescent light, LED light, mercury vapor light, and xenon flash.
Standard light sources impact color accuracy by mimicking natural light conditions across varying temperatures and spectra. They help eliminate color discrepancies in industries like printing, textile design, and cosmetics. These discrepancies occur due to varying lighting conditions.
LEDs are better because they are more energy-efficient, light-intensive, have a longer lifespan, are eco-friendly, and are cost-effective over time.
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