Irrigation systems india

Types of irrigation systems

The two main types of irrigation systems are the rain-fed irrigation system and the irrigation system dependent on artificial irrigation. In the Indian context, the latter is of greater importance. Various types of irrigation systems in India fall under this category.

• Rain-fed irrigation system

  This is the natural irrigation that depends on the rainfall. The farmers rely on the monsoon season for water supply. They must keep an eye on the rainfall patterns and adjust their planting accordingly. This irrigation system is suitable for crops that can withstand dry spells and variable rainfall, such as millets and pulses. It is less effective for water-demanding crops and carries the risk of drought or flood.

• Irrigation system dependent on artificial irrigation

  This includes various irrigation systems in India, such as:

  - Canals: Water from rivers or lakes is channeled through canals to irrigate fields.

  - Wells: Farmers dig wells to access groundwater for irrigation.

  - Tube wells: These are mechanized wells with pipes to lift groundwater for irrigation.

  - Tanks: Farmers construct water harvesting tanks to collect and store rainwater for irrigation.

  - Drip irrigation: This delivers water directly to the plant roots through a network of tubes and droplets.

  - Sprinkler irrigation: Water is sprayed over crops like natural rain using pipes and pumps.

  - Terrace farming: This prevents water runoff and soil erosion on hilly land by creating stepped terraces.

Design of irrigation systems in India

The key parts of the irrigation systems in India are arranged as follows:

• The Irrigation Water Source

  Canals and tanks are among the traditional sources of irrigation water. They collect rainwater and surface run-off. They make it easier for farmers to access water during dry seasons. With time, tube wells and pumps have become a popular water source. They draw groundwater to the surface. Today, irrigation systems that use desalination plants to convert seawater into freshwater are gaining traction.

• The Distribution Network

  Canal systems are a popular distribution network for irrigation systems in India. They deliver water from rivers or reservoirs directly to the fields. They can be lined with concrete or other materials to reduce water seepage and loss. In recent times, drip irrigation systems have gained traction. They use a network of pipes, valves, and drippers to deliver water directly to the plant roots. They conserve water and ensure efficient water delivery.

• The Control Mechanism

  Irrigation systems in India have various gates, valves, and regulators. They help control water flow and distribution. Farmers can easily manipulate them to meet their water needs. Modern irrigation systems have automated control mechanisms. They have sensors, timers, and automated valves that control water delivery based on preset schedules or real-time soil moisture data. This automation helps optimize water usage and reduces labor costs.

• The Field Application Equipment

  Field application equipment refers to the tools that deliver water directly to the crops. For traditional systems, it can be buckets, water cans, or portable pumps. However, with the introduction of sprinkler systems, the field application equipment has transformed. Sprinkler systems use pipes, pumps, and spray nozzles to deliver water like natural rainfall over the crops. It reduces water wastage and ensures even distribution of water across the field.

Usage scenarios of irrigation systems

Irrigation systems in India are designed to meet the different requirements of farmers and the agricultural landscape of the country. These systems are used for:

• Field Crops

  The majority of irrigation systems are used for cultivating field crops such as paddy, wheat, mustard, pulses, and oilseeds. For instance, tube wells and lift irrigation systems are extensively used in the northern states for wheat and paddy cultivation. Drip irrigation is also used for field crops in areas with limited water supply to reduce water usage while maintaining crop yield.

• Horticulture

  Irrigations systems are also used for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables in the horticulture sector. Drip and sprinkler systems are commonly used in orchards and vegetable farms to provide efficient and uniform watering. For example, in Maharashtra, drip irrigation systems are used in grape orchards, while in Karnataka, sprinkler irrigation is used for tomato and vegetable farming.

• Plantation Crops

  Irrigation systems are used in the cultivation of plantation crops such as tea, coffee, and spices. In hilly areas, terrace farming is combined with drip and sprinkler irrigation systems to ensure proper water supply in tea and coffee plantations.

• Agricultural Research and Education

  Various agricultural research institutions and universities in India use irrigation systems to conduct research and educate farmers about the latest irrigation techniques. These institutions are crucial in developing and disseminating knowledge on efficient irrigation practices.

• Irrigation Systems in Government Projects

  Many government projects incorporate irrigation systems to enhance agricultural productivity and water management. For instance, the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) scheme aims to provide 'more crop per drop' by expanding irrigation coverage and promoting efficient irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler irrigation.

How to choose an irrigation system in India

Wholesale buyers need to understand how to pick the right irrigation systems for their customers. Here are some key pointers on choosing the best systems for different crops.

• Know the crops and soil

  Different plants have variable water needs. For example, paddy needs flooded fields, and horticulture crops need drip irrigation to minimize water stress. Check soil type and texture, too. Sandy soils need more frequent watering than clay soils.

• Consider water sources

  Check the availability of water sources. Drip and sprinkler systems are suitable for areas with limited water supply, whereas surface irrigation systems can be used in areas with ample water supply.

• Assess the topography

  Flat lands work well with many systems, but terraced systems are needed for hilly areas to prevent runoff and soil erosion. Check the slope and contour of the land to determine the right irrigation system to prevent water wastages.

• Evaluate the climate

  In areas with high temperatures and low rainfall, drip irrigation systems are more suitable than other systems. Identify the climate and weather patterns to choose the right irrigation system that conserves water and reduces heat stress on plants.

• Check government policies

  India's government provides subsidies for drip and sprinkler systems to promote water conservation. Stay updated on these subsidies and support for sustainable practices. They can help buyers save costs.

• Look for sustainability

  Choose irrigation systems that can be sustainably used and have minimal environmental impact. For example, rainwater harvesting systems can reduce dependence on groundwater.

Q&A

Q1. What are the trends in irrigation systems in India?

A1. The trends are sustainable systems, smart technologies, and drip irrigation.

Q2. What is the importance of water conservation in irrigation systems in India?

A2. India is a country with scarce water resources. Therefore, the system helps in maintaining the water supply for the future generation.

Q3. What are the challenges of implementing irrigation systems in India?

A3. Some of the challenges are diverse geography, initial cost, and maintenance.

Q4. How can the efficiency of irrigation systems be improved?

A4. The efficiency can be improved by adopting drip irrigation, using rainwater harvesting, and using smart technologies.

Q5. What is the future of irrigation systems in India?

A5. The future is expected to have sustainable systems focused on technology.